ABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the effect of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution on depression hospitalization cost and length of stay in 57 cities of China. Methods: A total of 84 207 patients with depression in 57 cities of China from January 2013 to December 2017 were selected as the subjects. The demographic characteristics and hospitalization status of the patients were obtained from the database of basic medical insurance for urban workers and urban residents in China. The environmental exposure data of the same period were obtained from the national air quality real-time release platform of China Environmental Monitoring Station. A generalized additive model based on quasi-Poisson distribution was used to analyze PM2.5 exposure effect in each city, and the nonlinear mixing of moving average temperature, relative humidity and date was controlled by natural smooth spline function. Results: Among the included cities, southern cities accounted for 50.88% (29), and the number of female inpatients, hospitalization costs and hospitalization days accounted for 62.65%, 63.50% and 60.85% (42 735 cases, 567.78 million yuan and 1.14 million days, respectively). The proportion of hospitalized cases, hospitalization cost and length of stay in the age group of 40 to 64 years old were 59.15% (40 346 cases), 53.92% (482.15 million yuan) and 52.07% (0.98 million days), respectively. PM2.5 level was positively correlated with the number of hospitalized cases with depression, hospitalization cost and length of stay. When the 3-day moving average of PM2.5 exposure level increased by 10 μg/m3, the number of hospitalization cases increased by 0.64%. The attributed percentage (95%CI) of hospitalized cases, hospitalization costs and length of stay were 3.35% (0.57%-6.04%), 3.04% (0.52%-5.48%) and 3.07% (0.49%-5.56%), respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that the attributed percentage of hospitalization cases, hospitalization cost and length of stay to PM2.5 exposure ranged from 3.97% to 4.68%, 4.04% to 4.33% and 4.13% to 4.30% in northern China, male and cold season, respectively. Conclusion: PM2.5 exposure is associated with the increase of hospitalization cost and length of stay among Chinese urban population with depression.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollution/analysis , China/epidemiology , Depression , Dust/analysis , Hospitalization , Particulate Matter/analysisABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the serum polypeptide fingerprints of Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) bloodstream infection in mice at different time points using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-FOF MS), screen differential polypeptide peaks, and create a corresponding diagnostic model and look for new markers. Methods Ninety ICR mice were used to establish E. faecium bloodstream infection model (including 10 mice as normal control group with PBS injection, and 80 mice as the infection group with 1/2 LD50 E. faecium injection in a volume of 0.1 ml/10 g by the intravenous tail). Blood samples were collected at 8 time points (1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 128 h), and tested for IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-6 detection. Serum samples were then purified with weak cation magnetic beads, the serum polypeptide profiling was recognized by MALDI-TOF MS and BioExplorer software between infection group and normal control group. Amino acid sequences of the candidate polypeptides were identified by nano-liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC/ESI–MS/MS). Results After infected with E. faecium, the mice showed abnormal behaviors compared with the normal control group, including listless and reduced activity; IL-1α was down-regulated, while IL-1β and IL-6 were up-regulated. A total of 102 polypeptide peaks were detected by fingerprints analysis. Screening on the basis of 5 times difference in content in both infection group and control group, 8 polypeptides were higher in infection group than those in control group (P<0.01), and 9 polypeptides were lower in infection group than those in control group (P<0.01). Combining five polypeptide peaks of m/z 1227.4, 1512.9, 4509.7, 5007.3 and 7816.7, the corresponding diagnostic model was established with accuracy rate of 80%, specificity of 76.6% and sensitivity of 83.3%. Identified by secondary mass spectrometry, polypeptide peaks m/z 1227.4 and 5007.3 were the fragment of β2microglobulin and complement C3, respectively. Conclusions MALDI-TOF MS combined with BioExplorer software, when used as a new method to study the E. faecium bloodstream infection, may find the differential polypeptides between infection group and control group, and can effectively establish a diagnostic model of bloodstream infection. β2-microglobulin and complement C3 are expected to become the new biomarkers for auxiliary diagnosis of bacterial bloodstream infection.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the fingerprints of serum peptides in bloodstream infection induced by Candida albicans (C.albicans),with matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS),and establish the corresponding diagnostic model Methods To establish ICR mice model of C.albicans bloodstream infection,and collect the serum samples which were purified by weak cation exchange beads.The serum peptide finger printing was recognized by MALDITOF MS,and BioExplorer software was used for analysis between infection group and normal control group.Furthermore,the peptide fingerprints were analyzed between C.albicans infection group,Escherichia coli (E.coli) infection group and Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) infection group.Results Comparison between C.albicans infection group and normal control group,there were 135 polypeptide peaks,of which 5 polypeptides up-regulated,6 down-regulated and 7 up-regulated first and down-regulated afterwards.The diagnostic model was established by combination of 6 peaks (i.e.m/z 1610.9,1742.3,2666.4,2778.0,3345.1 and 4528.8),which possessed an accurate rate of 80.0％ in diagnosis of C.albicans infection.It was found by comprehensive comparison between C.albicans,E.coli and S.aureus infection groups that there were 5 polypeptides expressed collectively,i.e.m/z1513.8,2910.8,3538.1,3884.9 and 5007.3.Conclusions MALDI-TOF MS can be used to distinguish the C.albicans infection and normal polypeptide peaks.The collective polypeptides expressed in the infection groups can be further used to diagnose the infection.Establishment of corresponding diagnostic models may be helpful for early diagnosis of fungal bloodstream infection and provide a basis for reasonable clinical medication.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the expression and variation of MIP 1β,MIP-2,and IL-12p70 in mice with bloodstream infection caused by 4 kinds of bacteria.Methods CD-1 (ICR) mouse models of bloodstream infection with Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus),Enterococcus f aecalis (E.f aecalis),Escherichia coli (E.coli),and K lebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumoniae) were established.After mice in each trial group and PBS control group were infected by bacteria for 0.5h,1h,3h,6h,12h,24h,and 48h,concentrations of MIP-1β,MIP-2,and IL-12p70 were detected by Luminex liquid suspension chip system.Results Concentrations of MIP-1β increased significantly 1h after bacteria was in blood,S.aureus,E.faecalis,E.coli,K.pneumoniae,and control groups were (134.5 ± 18.3),(61.5 ± 15.4),(3 354.0 ±809.0),(6 888.4 ± 1 100.2),and (28.9 ± 4.6) pg/mL respectively;the peak values of IL-12p70 were (389.3 ± 118.1),(127.6 ± 10.0),(42.2 ± 3.5),(62.8 ± 8.4),and (4.8 ± 0.3) pg/mL respectively.Concentrations of MIP-1β and MIP-2 in E.coli and K.pneumoniae groups were significantly higher than other trial groups and control group (all P＜0.01),while concentrations of IL-12p70 in S.aureus and E.faecalis groups were both significantly higher than E.coli,K.pneumoniae,and control groups (all P＜0.01).Conclusion Concentrations of MIP-1β and MIP-2 in E.coli and K.pneumoniae groups were both significantly higher than those in S.aureus and E.faecalis groups,while concentrations of IL-12p70 in S.aureus and E.faecalis groups were both significantly higher than those in E.coli and K.pneumoniae groups.The combination detection of multiple cytokines or chemokines are valuable in predicting gram-positive or gram-negative bacterial infection,and can provide basis for treatment of early infection.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the epidemiological features of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) in Henan Province, China and to evaluate the safety of vaccines currently used in Henan.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The AEFI cases reported in Henan from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2011 were collected through the China Surveillance System of Information on National Immunization Program. The descriptive method was used for epidemiological analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 2415 cases of AEFI were reported in Henan from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2011, and 1238 (51.26%) of them were found in Zhengzhou, Luoyang, and Jiaozuo cities. The male-to-female ratio was 1.32:1. Seven hundred and ninety-nine (33.08%) of these cases were less than one year old. Measles vaccine and DPT vaccine (against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus) were the main causes of AEFI, contributing to 61.24% of cases; the incidence rates of AEFI among people receiving measles and DPT vaccines were 30.3/105 and 5.0/105, respectively. 1528 cases (63.27%) developed AEFI after the first dose of vaccination. Inflammation and allergic symptoms were the predominant adverse effects caused by the top 5 vaccines AEFI-causing vaccines, and the clinical manifestations were significantly different among AEFI cases caused by different vaccines (χ2=304.5, P<0.001). Among the 2415 AEFI cases, 1946 (80.58%) had common adverse reaction, 348 (14.41%) had rare adverse reaction, 98 (4.06%) had coupling disease, 13 (0.51%) had psychogenic reaction, and 10 (0.41%) had reaction for unknown reasons. The prognosis of most AEFI cases was good, with a cure rate as high as 90.64%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>AEFI occurs mostly in young children and after the first dose of vaccination. This should be brought to the attention of vaccination service personnel and the children's parents.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , China , Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine , Immunization , Measles Vaccine , Time FactorsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the level of mortality of brain tumor and its changes at different periods in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Death records for tumor of brain and central nervous system, which the code of international classification of diseases-10 (ICD-10) were C70-C72, were extracted from the database of the Third National Retrospective Sampling Survey of Death Causes in China during 2004 to 2005. The corresponding population data was linked to the data of death records, that the total population was 142 660 482 person years (72 970 241 person years in male, 69 690 241 person years in female). Then crude death rate, age-specific death rate, the constitute proportion to all death caused by tumor and the age-standardized death rate were calculated by taking reference of Chinese standard population or the world standard population. The indexes of mortality were compared with that of previous retrospective surveys of death causes at 1973 - 1975 and 1990 - 1992.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The result showed that during 2004 to 2005, the number died from brain tumor was 4463 and the crude death rate in China was 3.13/100 000, which accounted for 2.30% of the all number died from tumor (193 841 cases). The age-standardized death rate by Chinese standard population was 2.37/100 000 and the age-standardized death rate by the world standard population was 2.90/100 000. Of which, there were 2556 death cases for males with crude death rate of 3.50/100 000. While for females, the crude death rate was 2.74/100 000 (1907 death cases). Age-standardized death rates by Chinese standard population in male and female were 2.71/100 000 and 2.03/100 000 respectively. The age-standardized death rate by world standard population was 3.31/100 000 for male and for female that was 2.48/100 000. The age-specific death rate of brain tumor in China was increasing as age growing. The crude death rates were 3.78/100 000 (1809/47 899 806), 2.80/100 000 (2654/94 760 676), and the age-standardized death rates by Chinese standard population were 2.71/100 000 and 2.20/100 000 for urban and rural area respectively, and the crude death rates of brain tumor in east, middle and west region were 3.60/100 000 (1894/52 556 694), 3.14/100 000 (1565/49 781 225), 2.49/100 000 (1004/40 322 563). The age-standardized death rates by Chinese population were 2.57/100 000, 2.43/100 000 and 2.02/100 000. Compared to the data in the first survey during 1973 to 1975, in which the crude death rate was 1.13/100 000 and age-standardized death rate by Chinese standard population was 1.10/100 000, the crude death rate and age-standardized death rate by Chinese standard population were increased by 176.99% and 115.45% respectively. While compared with the second survey during 1990 to 1992, that crude death rate was 1.89/100 000 and age-standardized death rate by Chinese standard population was 1.74/100 000, the rising percent of the rates were 65.61% and 36.21% respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The level of mortality of brain tumor has been changing with an increasing trend from the period of 1973 - 1975 to the period of 2004 - 2005. The rate in male was higher than that of female with great diversity in different areas in China.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Brain Neoplasms , Epidemiology , Mortality , Cause of Death , China , Epidemiology , Death Certificates , Health SurveysABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the survival level and variation of esophageal cancer in Linzhou city of Henan province from 1988 to 2004, and evaluate the effects of diagnosis and treatments on esophageal cancer in this area.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All incidence and death records for esophageal cancer during 1988 to 2004 were collected from Linzhou Tumor Registry. Cases with duplicate information or death certificate only were excluded. A total of 12,160 cases of esophageal cancer were collected, of which, 6914 cases were male, and 5246 cases were female. The sex-specific and age-specific probabilities of survival in 1992, 1997 and 2002 were calculated and linked to the data of incidence and death on esophageal cancer in this area. Five-year observed survival rate and five-year relative survival rate during 1990 to 1994, 1995 to 1999, 2000 to 2004 were calculated respectively using period survival analysis and cohort survival analysis and Z test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 5-year relative survival rates among the three-episode were 28.24%, 35.24% and 40.76% respectively during 1988 to 2004. This showed an increasing trend by periods (Z values were 3.94 and 3.07, P < 0.05). The 5-year observed survival rates in men among the three-episode were 13.67%, 18.08% and 22.46% respectively, the 5-year relative survival rates were 29.94%, 36.96% and 38.40%. The 5-year observed survival rates in women among the three-episode were 15.56%, 19.29% and 28.01% respectively, the 5-year relative survival rates were 26.78%, 33.12% and 43.70%. During the two former periods, there was no significant difference in the 5-year observed survival rate and relative survival rate between men and women (Z values of observed survival rate were 1.48 and 0.88, P > 0.05. Z values of relative survival rate were 1.27 and 1.50, P > 0.05). In the third period, the 5-year observed survival rate and relative survival rate in women was higher than that in men (observed survival rate Z = 3.56, P < 0.05; relative survival rate Z = 2.09, P < 0.05). The relative survival rate that calculated using period method (respectively 35.24% and 40.76%) was higher than that using cohort method (respectively 28.77% and 33.35%) from 1995 to 1999, and from 2000 to 2004.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The survival rate on esophageal cancer in Linzhou city was increasing in the three different periods. This indicated a rising status in the secondary prevention and clinical diagnosis and treatments on esophageal cancer.</p>